Locomotives in India
Locomotives in India consist of electric and diesel locomotives. Steam locomotives are no longer used, except in heritage trains. Locomotives are also called locos or engines.
The Bengal Sappers of the Indian Army were the first to run a steam locomotive in India. The steam locomotive named ‘Thomason’ ran with two wagons for carrying earth from Roorkee to Piran Kaliyar in 1851, two years before the first passenger train ran from Bombay to Thane in 1853. The steam engine is presently exhibited at Roorkee Railway Station.
Classification of Locomotives
In India, locomotives are classified according to their track gauge, motive power, the work they are suited for and their power or model number. The class name includes this information about the locomotive. It comprises 4 or 5 letters. The first letter denotes the track gauge. The second letter denotes their motive power (Diesel or Electric) and the third letter denotes the kind of traffic for which they are suited (goods, passenger, mixed or shunting).
The fourth letter used to denote locomotives' chronological model number. However, from 2002 a new classification scheme has been adopted. Under this system, for newer diesel locomotives, the fourth letter will denote their horsepower range. Electric locomotives don't come under this scheme and even all diesel locos are not covered. For them this letter denotes their model number as usual.
A locomotive may sometimes have a fifth letter in its name which generally denotes a technical variant or subclass or subtype. This fifth letter indicates some smaller variation in the basic model or series, perhaps different motors, or a different manufacturer. With the new scheme for classifying diesel locomotives (as mentioned above) the fifth item is a letter that further refines the horsepower indication in 100 hp increments: 'A' for 100 hp, 'B' for 200 hp, 'C' for 300 hp, etc. So in this scheme, a WDM-3A refers to a 3100 hp loco, while a WDM-3F would be a 3600 hp loco.
Note: This classification system does not apply to steam locomotives in India as they have become non-functional now. They retained their original class names such as M class or WP class.
The classification syntaxes
The first letter (gauge)
The second letter (motive power)
- D-Diesel
- C-DC electric (can run under DC traction only)
- A-AC electric (can run under AC traction only)
- CA-Both DC and AC (can run under both AC and DC tractions), 'CA' is considered a single letter
- B-Battery electric locomotive (rare)
The third letter (job type)
- G-goods
- P-passenger
- M-mixed; both goods and passenger
- S-Used for shunting (Also known as switching engines or switchers in United states and some other countries)
- U-Electric multiple units (used as commuters in city suburbs)
- R-Railcars
For example, in "WDM 3A":
- "W" means broad gauge
- "D" means diesel motive power
- "M" means suitable for mixed(for both goods and passenger)service
- "3A" means the locomotive's power is 3,100 hp ('3' stands for 3000 hp, 'A' denotes 100 hp more)
Or, in "WAP 5":
- "W" means broad gauge
- "A" mean AC electric traction motive power
- "P" means suitable for Passenger service
- "5" denotes that this locomotive is chronologically the fifth electric locomotive model used by the railways for passenger service.
Broad gauge (5 ft 6 in) locomotives used in India
Steam traction
- WP class 4-6-2 – 3 preserved officially (no's 7015, 7161 and 7200), while 4 others also exist in good condition. One is rusting away in the open at Tinsukhia, Assam, and is in an extremely pitiful state.
Diesel traction
- WDM - Wide Diesel Mixed
- WDP - Wide Diesel Passenger
- WDG - Wide Diesel Goods
- WDS - Wide Diesel Shunter
Mixed type locomotives:
- WDM 1 (First mainline diesel electric locomotives used in India. Introduced in 1957. Imported from ALCO. Out of service now. 1950 hp)
- WDM 2 (Most widely used and first homemade mainline diesel-electric locomotives in India. Original prototypes were made by ALCO. Introduced in 1962. More than 2700 have been made. Rated at 2600 hp)
- WDM 2A,WDM 2B (Technical variants of WDM 2)
- WDM 3 (Only 8 were imported. They used hydraulic transmission and are currently non-functional)
- WDM 3A (Formerly WDM 2C. Another WDM 2 variant. It is not related to WDM 3. 3100 hp)
- WDM 3A R (Formerly WDM 2. It is a rebuilt with DBR fitted on Short Hood. It is not related to WDM 3. 3100 hp)
- WDM 3C, WDM 3D (higher powered versions of WDM 3A)
- WDM 4 (Entered service along with WDM 2. Prototypes designed by General Motors. Though considered superior to WDM 2 in many ways, these locomotives weren't chosen as General Motors did not agree to a technology transfer agreement. 2600 hp)
- WDM 6 (Very rare class; only two were made; one is being used by Puttalam Cement Factory in Sri Lanka. Rated at 1200 HP)
- WDM 7 (Fifteen of these locos were built from June 1987 through 1989, they were designed for branch-line duties, but they are now used mostly for shunting. Rated at 2000hp)
Note: No locomotive class was designated as WDM 5 in India.
Passenger locomotives:
- WDP 1
- WDP 2 (New class name WDP 3A. Dedicated passenger diesel locomotive. Entered service in 1998. Powerful locomotive. 3100 hp)
- WDP 3 (This locomotives are actually prototypes of the class WDP 1 and never entered serial production.)
- WDP 4 (EMD (former GM-EMD) GT46PAC, fundamentally a passenger version of the WDG 4 (GT46MAC). 4000 hp)
- WDP 4B (EMD (former GM-EMD) GT46PAC, An improved version of the WDP 4, this is a more powerful version and has 6 traction motors, just like the WDG 4. Also comes with wider cabin to aid visibility and minor exterior design changes. 4500 hp)
- WDP 4D (EMD (former GM-EMD) GT46PAC, This is basically a WDP 4B with twin cabs. Minor changes were made to the locomotive to facilitate the addition of a second cabin. This locomotive comes with LCD instrument display and toilet for the drivers. As of now, two units have been made and are expected to enter full-time service soon. 4500 hp)
Goods locomotives:
- WDG 2 (New class name WDG 3A. These class is actually a technically upgraded form of WDM 2)
- WDG 3B, WDG 3C, WDG 3D (Technical upgraded forms of WDG 2 or WDG 3A)
- WDG 4 (New dedicated goods locomotives. These are General motors' GT46MAC models. First units were imported in 1999. They are numbered from #12000 upward. Local production started on 2002. 4000 hp)
Shunting locomotives (Also known as switching engines):
- WDS 1 (First widely deployed and successful diesel locomotives used in India. Imported in 1944-45. currently out of service. 386 hp)
- WDS 2 (currently out of service.)
- WDS 3 (All locomotives of this class were rebuilt and reclassified as WDS 4C in 1976-78. 618 hp)
- WDS 4,WDS 4A,WDS 4B,WDS 4D (Designed by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works. 600-700 hp)
- WDS 4C (Rebuilt WDS 3 locos as mentioned above)
- WDS 5 (Some of these locomotives are used for industrial shunting. A few are used on Indian Railways. Rated at 1065hp)
- WDS 6 (Heavy-haul shunters made in large numbers for industrial concerns as well as for Indian Railways Rated at 1200/1350hp)
- WDS 8 (Only five of these were made, and all were transferred to steel works 800hp)
Note: There is no electric shunting engine in India. Classes from WDS 1 to WDS 4D have hydraulic transmission. The WDS 4, 4A, 4B, 4C and 4D are the only still existing broad gauge locomotives with diesel-hydraulic transmission.
Diesel multiple units:
A few routes in India currently have Diesel multiple unit service. Depending on the transmission system they are classified as DEMU (diesel-electric transmission) or DHMU (diesel-hydraulic transmission). There are diesel railcar service in a few places known as 'railbus'.
DC electric traction
Note: These locomotives are, or were used only in sections around Mumbai which is the only location in India still using DC traction.The power operated is 1500V DC.
Mixed type locomotives:
- WCM 1 ( First electric locomotives with the now familiar Co-Co wheel arrangement to be used in India. 3700 hp)
- WCM 2 (520hp)
- WCM 3 (600hp - Used in Kolkata , then transferred to Mumbai, Built by Hitachi)
- WCM 4 (675hp - Also built by Hitachi)
- WCM 5 (Built by Chittaranjan locomotive works to RDSO's design specifications. Auxiliaries by Westinghouse and North Boyce. Built in 1962, these are India's first indigenously designed DC electric locomotives. The first was named 'Lokamanya' after the Congress leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak. 3700 hp)
- WCM 6 (A rare and highly powerful class. 5000 hp,only two were built. Now converted to run on AC power, class name changed to WAM 4)
Passenger locomotives:
- WCP 1,WCP 2 (GIPR EA/1 and EA/2. Historically very important locomotives as these are the very first electric loco to be used in India. The first locomotive was named as Sir Roger Lumney and is currently preserved in the National Rail Museum, New Delhi. 2160 hp)
- WCP 3,WCP 4 (GIPR EB/1 and EC/1, these are also among the earliest electric locos used in India)
Goods locomotives:
- WCG 1 (GIPR EF/1. These are Swiss crocodile locomotives imported in 1928 from Swiss locomotive works. These are among the earliest electric locos used in India.The first locomotive was named as Sir Leslie Wilson and is currently preserved in the National Rail Museum, New Delhi. 2600-2950 hp))
- WCG 2 (Designed by Chittaranjan locomotive works in 1970.)
Electric multiple units:
- WCU 1 to WCU 15 (Used in Mumbai region only)
AC electric traction
The 25 kV AC system with overhead lines is used throughout the rest of the country.
Mixed type locomotives
- WAM 1 (Among the first AC electric locomotives used in India. Introduced in 1959. Now out of service. 3010 hp)
- WAM 2
- WAM 3
- WAM 4 (Indigenously designed by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works in 1970. Highly powerful class. One of the most successful locomotives in India. 3850 hp)
Passenger locomotives
- WAP 1 (Designed by Chittaranjan locomotive works in 1980 for the Kolkata-Delhi Rajdhani Express. A very successful class. 3900 hp)
- WAP 2 (Not in use)
- WAP 3 (Not in use)
- WAP 4 (Upgraded from WAP 1 for higher loads by Chittaranjan locomotive works in 1994. One of the most successful locomotives in India. Very powerful class. 5350 hp)
- WAP 5 (Imported in 1995 from Switzerland and used on premier express trains. 5450 hp)
- WAP 6 Only found near Asansol
- WAP 7 (Same design as WAG 9 with modified gear ratio. Highly powerful class. 6250 hp)
Goods locomotives
- WAG 1
- WAG 2
- WAG 3
- WAG 4
- WAG 5 (The most successful electric locomotives in India. Designed by chittaranjan locomotive works in 1984. More than 1100 were made. 3850 hp)
- WAG 5A,WAG 5B (Technical variants of WAG 5)
- WAG 6A (Imported from ASEA and Hitachi. 6110 hp)
- WAG 6B,WAG 6c (Variants of WAG 3A. All rated at 6110 hp)
- WAG 7 (Very successful class. Designed by chittaranjan locomotive works. 5000 hp)
- WAG 9 (Currently the most powerful class in India, rated at 6350 hp. Same design as WAP 7 with modified gear ratio. Designed by Adtranz, Switzerland.)
Electric multiple units
Dual (both AC and DC) traction
Note: These locomotives are, or were used only in sections around Mumbai which is the only location in India still using DC traction. They can run under AC traction too. The main purpose behind the manufacture of these type of locomotives was to provide transportation in and out Mumbai area without changing the engine.
Mixed type locomotives:
- WCAM 1 (Designed by Chittaranjan Locomotive works, total 53 were build and supplied between 1975-79.)
- WCAM 2/2P (Designed by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, total 20 were build and supplied between 1995-96.)
- WCAM 3[1](Designed by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited. 4600 hp under DC traction and 5000 hp under AC traction)
Goods locomotives:
- WCAG 1 (Designed by Bharat heavy electricals limited. 2930 hp under DC traction and 4720 hp under AC traction)
Note:There is no dedicated dual current passenger locomotive in India, but in Mumbai area, there are some EMUs which can run under dual traction.
Metre Gauge (1 metre) locomotives used in India
Steam traction
Diesel traction (mixed type only)
- YDM 1
- YDM 2
- YDM 3
- YDM 4
- YDM 4A
- YDM 5
Electric traction
- YCG 1 (These locomotives are among the earliest electric locomotives in India. This class was imported to serve the Chennai area in early 1930s.)
- YAM 1 (These locomotives were in service until 2002 around Chennai. 1740 hp)
Electric multiple units:
- YAU class (First EMU service in India. Introduced in 1920s in Chennai area)
Narrow Gauge (2 ft 6 in and 2 ft) locomotives used in India
Steam traction
- 2 ft
- Darjeeling Himalayan Railway class B – 777 and 778 preserved
Diesel traction (mixed type only)
2 ft 6 inches
- ZDM 1
- ZDM 2
- ZDM 3 (Later rebuilt as ZDM 4C class)
- ZDM 4
- ZDM 4A
- ZDM 4B, 4C, 4D
- ZDM 5
2 ft
Battery traction
NBM 1 Designed by BHEL in 1987. This class was powered by battery.
Note:All narrow gauge locomotives in India are mixed type locomotives.
Special names
- Abhinav - Named to a WAP-4.
- Airavat - Named to some WDG-4's which belong to Gooty Diesel locomotive shed.
- Baaz - (Bird of prey in Hindi) Mainly two WDP 4's 20011 & 20012 are called BAAZ, WDP-4's 20000-20009 also have the name stencilled on them in the side.
- Baba Saheb - Named to a WAP-1 which is named after Babasaheb Ambedkar.
- Vallabh-Named to first WCAM-1 #21800.
- Balwant - Named to first WCAM-2 #21861.
- Cheetah - Named to some WDM-3D's.
- Dr.Silver - Named to a WAG-9, Its livery is Red unlike the standard green livery.
- Gajraj - Named to some diesel locomotives of 141xx series.
- Gajodhar
- Garuda - Named to first Microprocessor controlled WDG-2a.
- Jagjivan Ram - Named WAM-1 which is named after India's ex-Railway Minister Babu Jagjivan Ram[1]
- Jawahar - Named to a WAP-1 which is named after India's first prime minister Jawahar Lal Nehru.
- Krishnaveni - Named to a WAG-5.
- Navodit - Named to first natively produced 3-phase Electric Passenger locomotive WAP-5.
- Nav Jagran - Named to a WAP-5.
- Nav Shakti - Named to a WAG-9.
- Nav yug - (New era in Hindi) Named to first natively produced 3-phase Electric Goods locomotive: WAG-9.
- Prabal - Named to WDM-3A's which belongs to Lucknow Shed.
- Panther -Named to WAP-4e which belongs to Vadodara Shed
- Prayas - Named to a WAG-7.
- Rajhans - Named to a WAP-4e.
- Samrat - Named to a WAG-7.
- Shakthi - (Power in Hindi) Named to Some Micro-processor controlled WDG-3A locomotives.
- Shantidan - Named to first WAG-7 #27001 (March 29, 1992) (christened by Mother Teresa)
- Sukh Sagar Naveen - Named to a WAM-4.(Not in Service).
- Tiger Face - Refers to those WAG-7 locomotives which have red and white stripes on their front and painted red,white,blue,as opposed to being fully painted light blue.
References
- ^ http://nrlym.webs.com/electriclocomotives2.htm
See also
Notes and references
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